Message Block/Common Internet File System (SMB/CIFS), and Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP). A key distinction of the application layer from its counterparts is its ability to differentiate between the application entity and the application [3] . This distinction is evident in an e-transport website that incorporates the ride ordering logic into the application while using HTTP to communicate with customers and a remote database protocol to store orders. Moreover, end users can improve their interaction with the website through the protocol by simply clicking on a button. Matter utilises the OSI application layer-based working principle to enable communication between devices in smart homes due to the inability of the devices to rely on user interpretation. For instance, Matter can allow seamless communication between a smart light switch and light bulb and a thermostat and furnace. Figure 2 presents the Matter IoT standard architecture overview. The Matter standard defines several functionalities for its application layer. However, these functionalities fit into three primary areas: ■ Device installation and setup for customers ■ Sending and receiving messages among smart devices and message content
Project Connected Home over IP Application Layer
TCP
UDP
Transport
IPv6
Network
Thread
IPv6 for BLE (TED)
Physical and Media
WiFi
DOCSIS DSL
Cellular
Ethernet
802.15.4
Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE)
Figure 2. Matter Standard Architecture Pyramid. Credit: GitHub
Device security requirements
defined standards, smart device manufacturers can incorporate relevant features and user controls into user interface devices such as an Alexa voice-activated speaker, iPhone, and so on (see application section). With its advanced security capabilities, Matter ensures secure over-the-air software updates across all devices in the smart home network. Put briefly, Matter will ensure the reliable and seamless connectivity between devices in smart home applications. When a customer receives a device designed with the Matter standard, that device will come preloaded with relevant sets of credentials and software that prove its unique certification status. The user can then add this Matter- incorporated device by scanning a QR code with their smartphone and pressing the pair button on
Matter promises device-to- device interoperability, which can significantly boost customer confidence by defining a standard for each of the above areas. In terms of device installation and setup, Matter involves a few steps: these include the secure installation of the device to the home network, naming the device, pairing the device with other smart devices within the network and setting up normal operations. Note that the user can add the device to the smart home network via a simple pairing mechanism supported by Amazon, Apple, Google, and other manufacturers. Moreover, Matter defines application-level messaging, security, as well as data types and formats. Due to Matter-
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