retroelectro
retroelectro
suggests that a fully formalized version of English would include rules not just for proofs but also for guesses and conjectures.
While there were many ‘projects’ and ‘conferences’ concerning machine intelligence, this event marks the largest concerted effort to achieve Artificial Intelligence at the time. While the goal was missed and the problem turned out harder than they thought, its results continue to inform machine learning and
artificial intelligence development seventy years later. The writer is thankful to Grace Solomonoff for her help archiving so much of the Dartmouth event, that otherwise would have been lost to time.
1938 Claude Shannon publishes his thesis ‘A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits,’ introducing Boolean logic to electronic circuits. 1944 John McCarthy is drafted into the U.S. Army. Marvin Minsky joins the U.S. Navy to learn radio and electronics. 1948 Rochester begins work at IBM. 1951 McCarthy and Minsky intern at Bell Labs, mentored by Claude Shannon. Minsky develops the first neural network, SNARC. 1955 McCarthy joins Dartmouth College as an assistant professor. McCarthy submits a proposal to the Rockefeller Foundation, coining the term “Artificial Intelligence.” 1958 McCarthy develops the LISP programming language, which becomes the standard for AI development. 1965 Moore’s Law is proposed, predicting long- term exponential growth in computing
1941 Nathaniel Rochester graduates from MIT.
McCarthy contrasts this idea against the logical languages of the day, which were mainly
1946
used for creating pre-determined instruction lists or formalizing parts of mathematics. He proposes that an artificial language be developed to handle conjecture and self- reference effectively. This language would mirror English in that short statements in English would have equally concise counterparts in the artificial language. McCarthy’s eventual goal is to create a language that would allow a machine to engage in tasks such as learning to play games, with the potential to handle more advanced problem-solving tasks. The impact of the Summer Research Project The Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence took place the following summer and is a milestone moment in the history of AI. Throughout the conference eleven people attended.
ENIAC, the first electronic “general purpose” computer, begins operation, marking a significant advancement in digital computing.
1950
References
Alan Turing publishes Computing Machinery and Intelligence, proposing the Turing Test. 1952 IBM releases the IBM 701, designed by Rochester and Haddad. Shannon demonstrates ‘Theseus’ at Bell Labs. 1956 The Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence takes place.
1. A Proposal For the Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence 2. Ray Solomonoff’s Personal ‘Dartmouth Archives’ 3. ‘The Meeting of the Minds That Launched AI’ by Grace Solomonoff 4. The Turbulent Past and Uncertain Future of Artificial Intelligence by Eliza Strickland 5. ‘Oral History of Nathaniel Rochester’ Interview by A. Goldstein (June 1991) 6. ‘Programs With Common Sense’ by J. McCarthy 7. ‘A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits’ by C.E. Shannon 8. ‘Claude E. Shannon: A Retrospective on His Life, Work, and Impact’ by R.G. Gallager 9. ‘Claude Shannon – Father of the Information Age’ from the University of California 10. ‘Mouse With a Memory’ by Bell Labs 11. ‘The Pioneers of AI: Marvin Minsky and the SNARC’ by Sahid Parvez 12. (Video) Claude Shannon demonstrates “Theseus” Machine Learning @ Bell Labs 13. (Video) Marvin Minsky Interview Series (Life Stories of Remarkable People)
1963
MIT’s AI Lab is founded by McCarthy and Minsky, funded by ARPA, becoming a hub for AI research.
1966
ELIZA, the first chatbot, is developed by Joseph Weizenbaum, pioneering early natural language processing.
power. 1997
2015
IBM’s Deep Blue defeats world chess champion Garry Kasparov, a landmark achievement in AI history. 2022 OpenAI releases ChatGPT to the public.
“(The) main reason the 1956 Dartmouth workshop did not live up to my expectations is that AI is harder than we thought.” - Marvin Minsky
OpenAI is founded.
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